Coupling

ABSTRACT

A coupling for attaching to an end of a tube, pipe, conduit or other round solid or hollow section. The coupling includes an inner body and a collar to be provided around the inner body. The inner body has an interior bore passing through at least a portion thereof to receive a tube or the like and the bore has one or more interior annular protuberances extending into the bore. When the collar is provided around the inner body it applies a circumferential compressive force to deform the inner body such that the one or more annular protuberances engage the tube or the like to seal with it.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is continuation of co-pending International ApplicationNo. PCT/GB06/000035 filed Feb. 17, 2006, which application designatedthe United States, and which application claims priority to GreatBritain Patent Application No. 0502954.0, filed Feb. 25, 2005, and GreatBritain Patent Application No. 0515165.9, filed Jul. 22, 2005, thedisclosure of each of which applications is incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a coupling for attaching tubes, pipes,conduits and other round sections to other such items and/or othersystems.

Initially this invention has been developed within the instrumentationtube fittings industry. However, the invention is capable of beingutilised within many other applications outside of this environment.Other applications may include shipbuilding, aerospace, automotive, pipeconnections, and construction using wire e.g. suspension bridges.

At present a commonly used connector is a ferrule compression fittingcomprising one or more ferrules to be threaded over a tube or the likeand a tightening device to cause the one or more ferrules to grip theoutside of the tube or the like to provide a seal against leakage. GB928,715 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,131,963 show examples of twin ferruleconnectors. WO 2005/019716 discloses a tube fitting for a tube end, thetube fitting comprising a body with an interior bore to receive a tubeend and a collar to be threadably coupled onto the body. The collarincludes an integral tube gripping ring that co-operates with a cammingsurface on the body when the collar is threaded onto the body to forcethe ring to plastically deform into the tube end. WO 2005/019717discloses a tube fitting for a tube end, the tube fitting comprising afemale threaded coupling member and a male threaded coupling member thatare threaded together to assemble the fitting onto a tube end. Whilstbeing threaded together, a ferrule is detached from the female threadedcoupling to form a separate ferrule fitting which is plasticallydeformed against the outer wall of the tube end and forms seals with themale coupling member and the tube end.

The following problems are associated with these designs:

-   -   The design relies on the use of controlled material        specifications to ensure that the ferrules have enhanced        mechanical properties over that of the tube.    -   The rear ferrule is treated by one of many processes to enhance        the surface hardness. This in itself can cause issues as        traditional hardening methods such as nitriding induces carbon        into the material, which reduces the surfaces corrosion        resistance.    -   Tube selection is critical within the design. The tubing used        with these fittings often has to be purchased with special        restrictions of some properties such as skin hardness.    -   Incorrect tube preparation can cause major problems within the        assembly of the fitting and this is one aspect that the        manufacturer has no control over.    -   Longitudinal scratches on the tube can cause leak paths with        these fittings. Basic tube handling commonly causes these        scratches. These minor surface defects are often manually        removed prior to assembly, which adds to the assembly time.    -   Due to the requirement of enhanced materials it is accepted that        compression fittings manufactured from austenitic stainless        steel are not suitable for use within certain environments and        do not comply with the NACE standards.    -   The method used to assemble a tube into a compression fitting        relies on the end user adjusting the fitting until tube grip is        achieved such as by using a threaded connection. This is        detected by feel and thus every user will have their own opinion        of when this is met. Once this point has been achieved the nut        of the fitting is tightened by 1¼ turns and not to a specified        torque or a dead stop. This is seen by a limitation within        certain fields such as the automotive industry.        A variety of methods have been used in the past to overcome        these issues.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein provide a new type ofcoupling which eliminate or alleviate at least some of the aboveproblems.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided acoupling for attaching to an end of a tube, pipe, conduit or other roundsolid or hollow section, the coupling comprising

-   -   an inner body with an interior bore passing through at least a        portion thereof to receive a tube or the like, the bore having        one or more interior annular protuberances extending into the        bore, and    -   a collar to be provided around the inner body to apply a        circumferential compressive force to deform the body, such that,        in use, when a tube or the like is received in the bore of the        body and the collar applies a circumferential compressive force        thereto, the body is deformed such that the one or more annular        protuberances engage the tube or the like to seal with it.

The coupling requires only two parts reducing manufacturing costs andmaking assembly straightforward. Furthermore as the body, which has oneor more interior annular protuberances which extend into the bore priorto use, is deformed such that the one or more annular protuberancesprovided thereon are forced into engagement with the tube or like, ithas been found that a particularly robust seal is provided. The tube orthe like is retained in the inner body providing considerable resistanceto being axially withdrawn.

The body preferably has a frusto-conical or cylindrical portion with thebore and one or more interior annular protuberances therein, and ispreferably arranged such that the collar may be provided around thefrusto-conical or cylindrical portion so that, in use, thefrusto-conical or cylindrical portion is deformed by the collar.

As the inner body upon which the annular protuberances are provided isdeformed, the annular protuberances can undergo a larger radialdisplacement than conventional ferrules. This larger radial displacementenables higher compressive loads to be placed on the tube or the likeproviding better seals and grip and the coupling can be used with tubesor the like with larger dimensional tolerances than conventional ferrulecouplings. Furthermore, the large radial displacement of the annularprotuberances compresses the cross-section of the tube or the like wherethey engage which splays the tube or the like on either side. Thesplaying of the tube or the like on either side enhances the resistanceto withdrawal of the tube or the like from the coupling. The largerradial displacement of the annular protuberances enables the coupling tobe used with tube or the like which has not been specially prepared andwhich may have scratches reducing preparation time for the tube and thuscosts. Furthermore, unlike conventional ferrule fittings, the tube orthe like does not need to abut against a stop within the coupling as theprotuberances provide such a good seal. This overcomes the need for theend of the tube or the like to be cut precisely square, further reducingpreparation time and costs. The larger radial displacement of thiscoupling compared to conventional ferrule fittings provides largerforces such that the material of the engaging protuberances does notneed to be specially hardened unlike conventional ferrule fittings.However, the protuberances could, if desired, be hardened for advancedperformance. The larger radial displacement of this coupling alsoensures that the protuberances engage all points around thecircumference of a tube or the like, even when its cross-section is notprecisely round. For example a tube or the like with a slightly ovalcross-section will be pushed back into shape and a better connectionwill be made compared to conventional fittings.

The interior annular protuberances on the inner body may compress theoutside of the tube or like to which it is fitted. However, the interiorannular protuberances preferably have a cutting surface to breach theskin of a tube or the like to which it is fitted. The skin of a tube orthe like has a higher level of hardness than it's core materialresulting from its manufacture. By the cutting surface being able tobreach the skin of a tube or the like to reach the softer core material,a superior seal and resistance to axial removal of the tube or like isobtained.

Any number or size of interior annular protuberances may be provideddepending upon requirements. If more interior annular protuberances areprovided, a more robust seal is achieved.

A female screw thread may be provided in the interior of the bore. Thescrew thread may replace one or more of the interior annularprotuberances. A screw thread is generally easier to manufacture than aninterior annular protuberance. For example, one, two or three of theinterior annular protuberances nearest to the open end of the claw endmay be replaced by a screw thread. However, when a screw thread isprovided, there is preferably still at least one interior annularprotuberance still provided in the interior of the bore to engage atube/pipe or the like to be inserted into the bore. In use the screwthread will deform in a similar manner to the annular protuberanceswhich will in turn cause the tube/pipe or the like to deform and thuscause a “bite” effect.

The collar may be arranged to apply a circumferential compressive forceto deform the body in any suitable way, for example a so-called shaftclamp, hub clamp or hose type “jubilee” clamp may be used. However, theinner body and the collar preferably each have complimentary cammingsurfaces inclined to their axes which co-act to apply thecircumferential compressive force to deform the body. The collar and theinner body are preferably arranged to be moved relatively towards eachother so that the camming surfaces co-act. The collar and the inner bodymay be moved towards each other by any suitable means, such as by usingan appropriate tool or by using corresponding threads on the inner bodyand collar such that the collar is rotated relative to the inner body topull it over the inner body. The complimentary camming surfaces may beinclined at any desirable corresponding angles to provide a longer orshorter distance over which the inner body and collar may be movedtowards each other. The complimentary camming surfaces may be providedby an external frusto-cone on the inner body and a correspondingfrusto-conical inner surface within the collar. One or both of thecamming surfaces could be provided with a friction reducing coating orplating to reduce the forces required during use.

Once the collar and inner body are moved towards each othersufficiently, a holding means keeps them in the desired relativepositions. The holding means may be an interference fit.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of attaching a coupling to an end of a tube, pipe, conduit orother round solid or hollow section, the method comprising:

-   -   providing a tube or the like into a bore passing through at        least a portion of an inner body, the bore having one or more        interior annular protuberances extending into the bore; and    -   providing a collar around the inner body and using the collar to        apply a circumferential compressive force thereto so that the        body is deformed bringing the one or more annular protuberances        into engagement with the tube or the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows an inner member partially in cross-section;

FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of a portion of the inner member;

FIG. 3 shows a collar partially in cross-section;

FIG. 4 shows another collar partially in cross-section;

FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of another collar;

FIG. 6 shows a cross-section of another collar;

FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a collar and an inner memberpre-assembled onto a tube or the like;

FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a collar being moved axiallyrelative to an inner member;

FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of a collar on an inner member afteractivation;

FIGS. 10 to 12 show the various stages of a collar being moved axiallyrelative to an inner member;

FIG. 13 shows an alternative view of a collar fitted over an innermember;

FIG. 14 shows cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a collarand inner member;

FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 14 and

FIG. 16 shows a further cross-sectional view of a collar and innermember.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following examples discuss the invention being used in conjunctionwith traditional tube. However the invention can also be used with pipe,solid rod, wire rod or any other round section.

Embodiments of the invention include a method of attaching a couplingand a coupling that can for example, be machined into a traditionalcoupling, as will be shown in the following example, or machined ontoexisting equipment such as, but not limited to, valves, manifolds,pumps, hoses etc. The coupling comprises an inner body or a sealingmember as shown for example in FIGS. 1 and 2 and a separate section orcollar as shown for example in FIG. 3, which is used to modify the formof the sealing member.

The sealing member seals against a tube and also retains the tube inposition. This member will be referred to as the claw end in thefollowing description and is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

In this example the claw end A has an outside surface with an externalfrusto-cone 1 which is inclined to the axis of the claw end, in thisexample by around 20°, and which has a semi circular groove 2 at thelarge end of the frusto-cone. Other groove cross-sections have beenproven to give the same result such as a square form which may haveradii in each corner. A large shoulder 3 is provided, which is used as apositive stop that will be discussed later. There is also a portionbetween the semi-circular groove 2 and the large shoulder 3 thatcontains a number of small grooves 4. These grooves 4 are to give aninterference fit which will be discussed later. These grooves 4 can alsobe replaced by other means to provide an interference fit such as aplain portion or a slightly tapered portion. Other combinations ofangles, grooves and serrations have also been proven to give adequatefunctionality.

Internally within the claw end A there are a number of interior annularprotuberances or teeth 5 that can be generated with either sharp points,small radii of around 0.2 mm or small flat lands of around 0.2 mm width.It should be noted that in this example four teeth are shown but anynumber of teeth can be utilised depending upon performance requirements.

Inwardly from the open end of the claw end, beyond the teeth 5, thisexample shows a plain cylindrical portion that is concluded by aninternal shoulder 6. This shoulder 6 then leads into a smaller internalbore 7. It should be noted that the invention does not require theinternal shoulder 6 resulting in the bore 7 being of similar diameter tothat of the teeth 5. The internal shoulder 6 is utilised only as a guidefor tube/pipe insertion depth and can be achieved by using other methodssuch as a marking on an inserted tube to indicate minimum/maximum tubeinsertion.

The second member is the component which provides the profile, whichwill be compressed onto the first member, the claw end A. This secondmember will be referred to as the collar B and examples of it are shownin FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6.

In this example the internal profile of the collar includes a plaincylindrical portion 8, which is designed to give an interference fitwith the grooved section 4 of the claw end. This plain cylindricalportion 8 could be replaced by a slightly tapered portion or a groovedportion (similar to that of the grooved portion on the claw end 4) thatwould also generate an interference fit. Other profiles have also beenused such as a small lip and/or an additional spring clip. The form thenchanges to an internal taper 9, in this example of around 20° inclusive.However, any taper could be provided for example between 5° and 80° orbetween 10° and 30°. This internal frusto-conical profile 9 is thentransferred into a small step 10 that contains a large radius at theinterchange between the cone 9 and the step 10. There is also a plaincylindrical bore 11 through the remainder of the collar through which atube/pipe will pass through. Other combinations of angles, grooves andserrations have also been proven to give adequate functionality.

The external profile 12 of the collar, unlike most existing tubefittings can be manufactured from any available material section e.g.round, hexagonal, square cross-section. The only requirement of thisexternal profile is that adequate wall thickness 13 between the internalcone 9 and the external profile 12 is provided, so that swelling of theexternal profile 12 is restricted. This restriction ensures that thedeformation generated by the two engaging frusto-cones 1 & 9 is producedinternally onto the tube and not externally onto the collar externalprofile 12.

The last profile of the external form of the collar B is by means of anumber of solid face(s) 14 which are perpendicular to the axis of theinternal profile. This profile will be utilised to force the collar Bonto the claw end A. It should be noted that although in the example ofFIG. 3 the profile 14 is provided at the same end of the collar as theplain bore 11, this profile 14 which is utilised to force the collaronto the claw end could be provided by means of an undercut 15 in theexternal profile 12 of the collar as shown in FIG. 4 or an additionalshoulder 16 as shown in FIG. 5.

It is important to note that although in FIGS. 3 and 4 the internalfrusto-cone 9 is shown as one continuous angle, it would also bepossible to utilize two or more angles 17 as shown in FIG. 6 to changethe rate of deformation at any given point during compression.

It should also be noted that in both components a frusto-cone inclinedto the component axes by around 20° has been described. However, otherangles would be acceptable for use. By lessening the angle the amount ofcompression generated per unit of collar movement would be reduced, aswould the force required to generate this movement. A larger angle wouldhave the opposite effect. The inclination can be selected appropriatelyfor envisaged uses of particular connectors.

The pre-assembled components are shown in a perspective view in FIG. 7and in cross-section in FIG. 8. In use a piece of tube 18 is insertedthrough the plain bore 11 of the collar 19. The tube is then insertedthrough the internal profile of the claw end 20 ensuring that the tubetravels past the last tooth 5 and into the plain cylindrical portion andabutment face 6. In this example the tube is inserted to a dead stop,however this feature is not a necessity and can be omitted if required,providing an alternative method of ensuring that the tube is inserted tothe correct distance is provided.

Once the tube 18 is in place, the collar 19 is forced onto the claw end20. In this example this force is generated by an external method suchas a hydraulic ram, a pneumatic ram or an electrical linear slide, suchthat the two components are ‘simply’ pushed together. However, thecollar 19 can be forced onto the claw end 20 by any suitable method.

As the collar 19 is forced over the external frusto-cone 1 of the clawend 20, the external frusto-cone 1 engages with the internal frusto-cone9 or cones 17 of the collar. In this example the solid face 14 would beused to apply the linear force until the opposite end of the collarmakes contact 21 with the shoulder 3 of the claw end as shown in FIG. 9.

Internally during compression, the form of the end of the claw endalters as shown in FIGS. 10 to 12. The components are supplied with thecollar fitted to the end of the claw end and retained by means of aninterference fit. In FIG. 10 the tube is shown fully inserted. Duringcompression the internal tapered portion 9 & 17 of the collar engageswith the external frusto-cone of the claw end 1. Providing that thethickness of the collar 13 is adequate to resist the hoop strength ofthe claw ends section 23, the form of the claw end will begin tocompress inwards. This compression will pivot about the semi-circularundercut 2. Tube grip occurs at this point when the claw end's teeth 5make contact 25 with the tube 18 as shown in FIG. 11. Ideally all teethwill make contact at the same point during actuation, however this isnot essential.

The teeth 5 will primarily cut into the outer skin of the tubing 18until a point where the forces required to cut into the skin becomelarger than the forces required to deform the tube. At this point thetube 18 will begin to deform 27. As shown in FIG. 12, this will resultin the tube swelling in some areas and in some areas contracting. Thisdeformation combined with the initial tube bite produces two outcomesthat are particularly advantageous when considering a tube/pipe fitting.Firstly a high quality seal is achieved between the tube 18 and theinternal form/teeth 5 of the claw end. These seal points 28 are shown inFIG. 13. Please note the seal points shown in this example are dependentupon the number of teeth and their position and can be varied asrequired.

When fully compressed as shown in FIG. 12, the tube 18 is also deformed27 resulting in a form that cannot be removed from the claw end. Thistube bite/compression is shown in FIG. 13. The outer skin of the tubingis broken 28 by each tooth 5. This results in an enhanced seal due tothe fact that the skin of tube/pipe has a higher level of hardness thanthe core material due to cold forming processes used in its manufacture.

Embodiments of this invention address the issues currently encounteredwith the existing design as follows:

-   -   Embodiments of the invention can be manufactured from standard        commercial material and require no enhancements. However,        enhancements can be offered to meet the future demands of our        ever changing industry needs. As an example, higher        pressures/temperatures may require enhanced properties within        the material or the material may require additional processing.    -   No treatment processes are required within the components of        this design which reduces the corrosion resistance of the        surfaces. However, enhancements can be offered to meet the        future demands of our ever changing industry needs.

As an example, higher pressures/temperatures may require enhancedproperties within the material or the material may require additionalprocessing.

-   -   Embodiments of the invention are more tolerant to standard        tubing and thus no special restrictions of some properties such        as skin hardness need to be made.    -   Embodiments of the invention are tolerant to poorly prepared        tubing.    -   Longitudinal scratches on the tube do not pose a problem to        embodiments of the invention as the initial bite of the teeth        cuts through the skin.    -   The coupling can be manufactured in materials which are        compatible with various standards such as NACE.    -   The methods used to assemble the coupling to the tube can rely        on either a thread or a mechanical tool, both of which can        assemble to a dead stop or pre-determined torque.

The examples shown above utilise a body, which contains the claw endprofile. However it should be noted that embodiments of invention couldaccommodate the claw end body being made of two individual items, thefirst containing the external frusto-cone, the internal bore thatcontains the teeth and a sealing portion to seal between either sectionsof the body and the second would contain a sealing portion, to sealbetween either sections of the body, and a threaded portion that a nutwould connect with.

An example of this is shown in FIG. 14. In this example the sealingarrangement previously discussed as the claw end is now generated as aferrule 29. This ferrule contains the same internal and external profileas the claw end including the teeth 5, the external frusto-cone 1 andthe semi-circular groove 2. However in addition to these profiles thereis also a sealing surface 30 used to generate a seal between the ferruleand the secondary body 31. The secondary body 31 contains a matingsealing surface 30. It also contains a plain bore that serves the samepurpose as the plain bore of the claw end 7. Externally the secondarybody 31 contains a male thread 32 that is used to screw the collar, inthis example in the form of a nut 33, onto the secondary body 31. It isthis thread 32, which generates the force required to deform the ferrule29 in the same way as the claw end was deformed in the previous example.

It should be noted that in this example both the body 31 and the nut 33contain means by which a rotational force can be transferred to thethread. FIG. 15 shows a hexagonal form 34 on both components. However,this is not essential as any form capable of being rotated will beacceptable such as a square form or two or more flats on a diameter.

Additionally the threads on the secondary body and nut could be invertedsuch that the secondary body contains the female thread and the nutcontains the male thread. The ferrule 29 would then sit within a part ofthe body. This version would be particularly suited for use withinexisting equipment such as valves and manifolds. Both of the ferruledesigns mentioned above could be used as termination style product, i.e.they would be utilised at points within a tubing/piping system where theconnection needs to be disconnected.

Many variations may be made to the examples of the invention discussedabove without departing from the scope of the invention. For example byincreasing or decreasing the number of teeth within the clawend/ferrule, the sealing and tube retention properties would alteraccordingly. A female screw thread may be provided in the interior ofthe claw end. The screw thread may replace one or more of the interiorannular protuberances. A screw thread is generally easier to manufacturethan an interior annular protuberance. For example, one, two or three ofthe interior annular protuberances which may be nearest to the open endof the claw end may be replaced by a screw thread. However, when a screwthread is provided, there is preferably still at least one interiorannular protuberance still provided in the interior of the claw end toengage a tube/pipe or the like to be inserted into the claw end. In usethe screw thread will deform in a similar manner to the annularprotuberances which will in turn cause the tube/pipe or the like todeform and thus cause a “bite” effect. It should also be noted that insome applications users may require the addition of a ‘soft’ seal, whichwould be placed in the recess 35 shown in FIG. 16 created between theclaw end/ferrule and the tube. This recess will reduce in volume duringcompression of the collar/nut and thus result in compression of the‘soft’ seal.

All of the above described components could be manufactured from anymaterial including metallic and non-metallic materials. In addition tothis by increasing the mechanical properties such as hardness of theteeth 5 the tube bite would be dramatically enhanced. The couplingdescribed above can be used with a tube or the like made from anymaterial. However, a tube or the like made from metal is preferred. Suchmethods as already used in the twin ferrule industry could be used togenerate these enhanced mechanical properties.

The following major differences between embodiments of the presentinvention and the prior art should be observed.

Unlike the circumferential compressive force applied to deform the innerbody such that the one or more annular protuberances engage a tube orthe like in embodiments of the present invention, conventional twinferrule fittings use a knurled effect within the body to grip the tube.This knurled section does not produce a seal or bite/cut into the outerskin of the tube. The seal with this style of fitting is achieved by theinternal profile of the body nose and the tube profile being forcedtogether to produce a compressed/moulded form which produces a seal butdoes not bite into the tube.

It should also be noted that these conventional couplings are rated tofar lower pressure ratings than embodiments of the invention describedherein, and are limited to what tube wall thickness can be used.

As it is anticipated that certain changes may be made in the presentinvention without departing from the precepts herein involved, it isintended that all matter contained in the foregoing description shall beinterpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. All referencesincluding any priority documents cited herein are expressly incorporatedby reference.

1. A fitting assembly for connection to an end of a length of tubinghaving a tubing wall comprising a body having a socket portion, thesocket portion having forward end opening into an internal bore forreceiving the tubing end, the bore having a generally annular innersurface and the body socket portion having a generally annular outersurface including an inclined portion tapering towards the body forwardend, the bore inner surface having one or more first teeth disposedadjacent the body forward end and one or more second teeth spaced-apartaxially from the first teeth; and a generally annular collar receivablecoaxially over the tubing, the collar having a forward end and arearward end portion receivable coaxially over the outer surface of thebody socket portion, the collar rearward end portion having a generallyannular inner surface including an inclined portion tapering towards thecollar forward end, whereby with the collar being received over thetubing and the tubing end being inserted into the internal bore of thebody, the collar rearward end portion is movable over the body socketportion effecting a camming engagement of the incline portion of thebody socket portion outer surface against the inclined portion of thecollar inner surface and radial compression of the body socket portionabout the tubing wherein such compression initially causes the first andthe second teeth to grippingly bite into the tubing wall and thereafterto deform the tubing wall between the first and the second teethdelimiting the removal of the tubing end from the body socket portion.2. The fitting assembly of claim 1 wherein the body socket portion outersurface has a groove formed therein rearward of second teeth, the bodysocket portion being pivotal about the groove for the radiallycompressed thereof the body socket portion about the tubing.
 3. Thefitting assembly of claim 1 wherein the collar inner surface has anengagement portion located rearward of the inclined portion thereof andthe body outer surface has an engagement portion located rearward of theinclined portion thereof, the collar and body engagement portions beingengagable to retain the collar on the body in a preassembled arrangementof the fitting assembly, the tubing end being inserted into the internalbore of the body through the collar as so retained on the body.
 4. Atubing connection comprising: a length of tubing having and end and atubing wall; a body having a socket portion, the socket portion havingforward end opening into an internal bore for receiving the tubing end,the bore having a generally annular inner surface and the body socketportion having a generally annular outer surface including an inclinedportion tapering towards the body forward end, the bore inner surfacehaving one or more first teeth disposed adjacent the body forward endand one or more second teeth spaced-apart axially from the first teeth;and a generally annular collar receivable coaxially over the tubing, thecollar having a forward end and a rearward end portion receivablecoaxially over the outer surface of the body socket portion, the collarrearward end portion having a generally annular inner surface includingan inclined portion tapering towards the collar forward end, wherebywith the collar being received over the tubing and the tubing end beinginserted into the internal bore of the body, the collar rearward endportion is movable over the body socket portion effecting a cammingengagement of the incline portion of the body socket portion outersurface against the inclined portion of the collar inner surface andradial compression of the body socket portion about the tubing whereinsuch compression initially causes the first and the second teeth togrippingly bite into the tubing wall and thereafter to deform the tubingwall between the first and the second teeth delimiting the removal ofthe tubing end from the body socket portion.
 5. The tubing connection ofclaim 4 wherein the body socket portion outer surface has a grooveformed therein rearward of second teeth, the body socket portion beingpivotal about the groove for the radially compressed thereof the bodysocket portion about the tubing.
 6. The tubing connection of claim 4wherein the collar inner surface has an engagement portion locatedrearward of the inclined portion thereof and the body outer surface hasan engagement portion located rearward of the inclined portion thereof,the collar and body engagement portions being engagable to retain thecollar on the body in a preassembled arrangement of the fittingassembly, the tubing end being inserted into the internal bore of thebody through the collar as so retained on the body.
 7. A method ofmaking a tubing connection comprising the steps of: (a) providing alength of tubing having an end and a tubing wall; (b) providing afitting assembly comprising: a body having a socket portion, the socketportion having forward end opening into an internal bore for receivingthe tubing end, the bore having a generally annular inner surface andthe body socket portion having a generally annular outer surfaceincluding an inclined portion tapering towards the body forward end, thebore inner surface having one or more first teeth disposed adjacent thebody forward end and one or more second teeth spaced-apart axially fromthe first teeth, and a generally annular collar receivable coaxiallyover the tubing, the collar having a forward end and a rearward endportion receivable coaxially over the outer surface of the body socketportion, the collar rearward end portion having a generally annularinner surface including an inclined portion tapering towards the collarforward end; (c) receiving the collar over the tubing; (d) inserting theend of the tubing into the internal bore of the body; and (e) moving thecollar rearward end portion over the body socket portion to effect acamming engagement of the incline portion of the body socket portionouter surface against the inclined portion of the collar inner surfaceand radial compression of the body socket portion about the tubingwherein such compression initially causes the first and the second teethto grippingly bite into the tubing wall and thereafter to deform thetubing wall between the first and the second teeth delimiting theremoval of the tubing end from the body socket portion.
 8. The method ofclaim 7 wherein the body socket portion outer surface has a grooveformed therein rearward of second teeth, the body socket portion beingpivotal about the groove in step (e) for the radially compressed thereofthe body socket portion about the tubing.
 9. The method of claim 7wherein: the collar inner surface has an engagement portion locatedrearward of the inclined portion thereof and the body outer surface hasan engagement portion located rearward of the inclined portion thereof,the collar and body engagement portions being engaged prior to step (c)to retain the collar on the body in a preassembled arrangement of thefitting assembly; and the tubing end being inserted in step (d) into theinternal bore of the body through the collar.